Concentration of chlorophyll-a is an adequate parameter for assessing the trophic state in the summer. So, check the photosynthetic content of pigments as a bioindicator of chlorophylla,b,c were studied in six stations of Gomishan international wetland and a sea station. Furthermore were investigated the qualitative evaluation of trophic state of the wetland and its dynamics. Phytoplankton samples after the filtration were extracted in 90% acetone, and were obtained the absorption of pigments in Spectrophotometer. In addition to chlorophyll, were measured the water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, turbidity and depth. Based on results, the increasing concentrations of chlorophyll-a in September showed the trophic level was hypertrophic and occurred the cyanobacterial bloom. The statistical results showed log Chl-a a positive significant correlation with water temperature, dissolved oxygen and salinity (p<0.01). Also in the Gorganrud estuarine (S2) was measured the diatom bloom as pollution indicator in July. The Gomishan coastal wetland on one hand affected by the human activities in adjacent areas and the other hand under is the influence of global warming on a large scale and in its catchment area, that causing the intensity of evaporation, salinity and become its shallow. Accordingly, improving circulation of wetland water and connection with the sea, improving future guidelines on the estuarine management, reduce and control of urban wastewater and aquaculture wastewater filtration is suggested.

In order to evaluate the response of bulb yield per plant, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic pigments concentration to priming and seed size of onion genotypes a field experiment was conducted in 2012 and 2013 cropping season at Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of East Azarbayjan, Iran. The experimental treatments included priming (at four levels: hydro priming, osmopriming (in %2 KNO3), priming with Folammin amino acid (in 2%) and control (without priming), seed size (at three levels: small, medium and large) and cultivars (at two levels: Red Azarshahr and Zargan). Following characteristics such as bulb yield per plant, chlorophyll content including: bulbing stage, physiological maturity stage, photosynthetic pigments concentration including: chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a/b ratio of onion were studied. Analysis of variance of data showed that all studied characters were significant in 1% level of probability. Results showed that seed priming and seed size improved bulb yield per plant, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic pigments concentration characteristics. The highest bulb yield per plant, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a/b ratio were obtained from plant that primed with Folammin amino acid 195.85 (g), 33.48, 7.79 (mg/g.FW), 4.3, respectively and the lowest were achieved from control plants. Also mean comparison indicated that the higher values of bulb yield per plant, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a/b ratio were obtained from large seed size 180.66 (g), 21.60, 7.20 (mg/g. FW), 3.9, respectively and the lower of it achieved from small seed size.

To investigate the effects of water deficit stress and bio and non-bio fertilizers on Thymus Vulgaris, a split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 in Asgarya agricultural field in Yazd. The treatments included water tension: W1=7 (Control), W2=12 and W3=17 days irrigation intervals as the main factor and bio and non - bio fertilizers at five levels including B1= control (without fertilizer), B2= endo mycorrhiza (Glomus), B3= Azospirillum bacteria, B4= Pseudomonas bacteria and B5= chemical fertilizer (NPK) a sub – factors. Results showed that the highest flowering branches yield, a, b, and total chlorophylls and nitrogen and phosphorus elements were observed in 17 days of irrigation (W3). 12 days of irrigation treatment (W2) showed the highest potassium element rate. The highest a, b and chlorophylls and nitrogen were observed in Azospirillum treatment (B3). The highest total chlorophyll, phosphorus element, carotenoids and flavonoids were observed in Pseudomonas treatment (B4); the highest potassium element rate were obtained in mycorrhiza treatment (B2); the highest flowering branches yield were observed in NPK treatment (B5) and control (B1) treatment resulted in the highest anthocyanin

In scale universal after drought, nitrogen is the most important factor limiting. After nitrogen, phosphorus is the most nutritious element for plant. Between nitrogen and phosphorus is a positive reaction and absorption nitrogen increases absorption phosphorus by plant. The Studies very few is performed in order to study fluorescence chlorophyll plant in nutritious shortage stress conditions. Reduction access to nitrogen decreases quantum yield in transfer electron (photo system II) and its maximum efficiency. Also shortage of nitrogen destroys photo system II and decreases fluorescence variable (Fv). Quantum yield increases consequently interaction effects nitrogen and phosphorus. In view of the fact that measurement concentration nitrogen with methods like measuring Nitrogen Nutrition Index (NNI) is very costly, take up time and need to expensive equipment, so measurement chlorophyll index by hand chlorophyll meter and transportable is very comfortable. Also consumption of nitrogen is improved pigments, as rate of chlorophyll (a, b) increases by using nitrogen. this research in order to study relations between concentration nitrogen, chlorophyll (a, b), chlorophyll index and nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) and study parameters fluorescence chlorophyll and rate of chlorophyll (a and b) under effect of different treatment fertilizer of nitrogen and phosphorus in wheat was performed. Afield experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement using randomized complete block design with 4 replications in Aliabadkatool city of Golestan province in 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 growing seasons. The experimental factors were three net nitrogen fertilizer (N, 0, 163 and 326 kg ha-1 and five net phosphorus fertilizer (P, 0, 98, 196, 294 and392 kg ha-1. ) In this experiment some traits such as chlorophyll index, nitrogen nutrition index, fluorescence chlorophyll parameters, rate of chlorophyll (a, b), nitrogen concentration, grain protein and grain yield were measured. The study of scattering diagram of data be showed, traits of chlorophyll index, nitrogen nutrition index, quantum yield, chlorophyll concentration (a, b), nitrogen concentration in plan and yield protein follow from simple linear regression model, as in each level nitrogen, with increase rate of fertilizer phosphorus, traits under study were prospered from increasing trend. Concentration of nitrogen and nitrogen nutrition index was under effect interaction year and nitrogen. Fluorescence chlorophyll parameters including minimum fluorescence, maximum fluorescence (Fo, Fm) against other traits were showed decreasing trend, That connected to increase quantum yield consequently increase in consumed fertilizer. Correlation of significant and positive between chlorophyll index, nitrogen nutrition index, nitrogen concentration, chlorophyll was observed. The maximum yield achieved at combination of fertilizer N326P392 and N326P294that point of view statically was in one of surface significantly. The results this experiment showed that very strong relation is between chlorophyll index, chlorophyll concentration, Nitrogen nutrition index and nitrogen available to plant, as with increase available nitrogen and phosphorus rate, quantum yield and grain yield increased grain yield, so can be used from chlorophyll meter set for assessment fertilizer in plant replacing methods of expensive and take up tim like nitrogen nutrition index. In management fertilizer in addition on nitrogen, phosphorus must be considered too.

Recognition and understanding the genetic control of traits, combining ability and genetic structure are directly related to the success of breeding programs. For this purpose, a 7 × 7 one-way diallel design was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The measured traits were included plant height, height to the first capsule, number of days to 50% and 90% of flowering, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of days to physiological ripening, number of branches, leaves number and length, 1000-seeds weight, capsule weight, length and width, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, biological andeconomic yields, harvest index, oil and protein percentage. Analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes and diallel analysis showed that the additive variance of all traits and dominant variance of all traits except height to the first fruit-bearing capsule were significant. The oltan cultivar was the best and Ardestan genotype was the worst genotype in terms of general combining ability. Sabzevar×TS-3 and Sirjan×Fars were the best hybrids in most traits. The general heritability was between 0.90 to 0.96 for biologic yield and number of branches, respectively and narrow heritability was between 0.36 to 0.91 for the number of branches and harvest index, respectively. The analysis of variance by Hayman method confirmed the results of Griffing analysis.

In this study a machine learning algorithm was applied in order to develop a predictive model for the changes in phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a) in the lower Nakdong River, South Korea. We used a “Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithm (HEA)” which generated model consists of three functions ‘IF-THENELSE’ on the basis of a 15-year, weekly monitored ecological database. We used the average monthly data, 12 years for the training and development of the rule-set model, and the remaining three years of data were used to validate the model performance. Seven hydrological parameters (rainfall, discharge from four multi-purpose dams, the summed dam discharge, and river flow at the study site) were used in the modeling. The HEA selected reasonable parameters among those 7 inputs and optimized the functions for the prediction of phytoplankton biomass during training. The developed model provided accurate predictability on the changes of chlorophyll a (determination coefficients for training data, 0.51; testing data, 0.54). Sensitivity analyses for the model revealed negative relationship between dam discharge and changes in the chlorophyll a concentration. While decreased dam discharge for the testing data was applied; the model returned increased chlorophyll a by 17-95%, and vice versa (a 3-18% decrease). The results indicate the importance of water flow regulation as specific dam discharge is effective to chlorophyll a concentration in the lower Nakdong River.

2Background and Aim: Air pollution is currently one of the most important environmental issues. The most common effect of air pollution on plants is the gradual decomposition of chlorophyll and leaf yellowing, which may result in the reduction of photosynthetic capacity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of air pollution on the chlorophyll content and zonation of leaf chlorophyll content of two tree species in Malayer city, Iran. Materials and Methods: Samples were collected from two tree species, namely, Platanus orientalis and Robinia pseudoacacia in different parts of Malayer city, Iran (clean and polluted areas), each with three replications. The concentration of pigments in the leaves was measured by the Lichtenthaler (1987) method, which is the modified Arnon method (1949), at 663 and 645 nm wavelengths, absorbance being measured using a spectrophotometer. Results: Data analysis showed that the a, b and total chlorophyll contents in the acacia tree species in the southern parts (southwest) of the study area reached their maximums, while their contents were lowest in the eastern and north-western parts and low to medium in the central parts of the study area. On the other hand, as regards the sycamore species, in the eastern and north-western parts of the study area the a, b, and total chlorophyll contents were the highest and reached their minimums in the south-western parts. However, as in the case of the acacia species, in the central parts of the study area the contents of the tree chlorophylls were low to medium. Conclusion: The results of this study show that the a, b and total leaf chlorophyll contents of the two acacia and plantain species were higher in the polluted areas as compared to those in clean areas. On this basis, it can be said that a higher physiological index, such as an increased chlorophyll content, indicates the plant's response for resistance to air pollutants.

Drought seriously reduces the quality and quantity of agronomic and horticultural plants. In such condition, using factors to reduce these effects on plants is indispensible. To evaluate the effect of water stress and different levels of ascorbic acid on the leaf relative water content, pigments, canopy temprature and dry matter of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station of Zahak was conducted in 2014 where three irrigation levels (at 100, 80 and 60 percent of field capacity) assigned to the main plots and three levels of ascorbic acid (0, 5 and 10 micromolar) to the  sub-plots. The results showed that the effect of irrigation regimes, ascorbic acid and their interaction was significant on the traits under evaluation. Irrigation based on 60% of field capacity as compared with that of 100% F.C. reduced relative water content, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and dry matter weight by 20.89, 0.06, 0,034, 0.04 and 57.8 percent respectively and a 20% increase in canopy temperature, while applying of 10 micromolar ascorbic acid relative to control increased 12.22, 0.075, 0.15, 0.05 and 57.8 percent on traits mentioned above respectively and a 3% decrease in canopy temperature. Regression model revealed that application of ascorbic acid at irrigation in 100% field capacity was not effective on these traits, except on chlorophyll b and carotenoids contents, but in irrigation at 60 and 80% percent field capacities, increased amount of relative water content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and dry matter. Although ascorbic acid could not reduce the negative impacts of 20% decrease in irrigation but application of 10 micromolar ascorbic acid in 60% and 80% irrigation at field capacities increased dry matter significantly, as compared to that of ascorbic acid under these conditions.